Clear paths of travel, are needed between the end points of the distance. According to william gillespies treatise on land surveying, it is perhaps the oldest of the mathematical arts. Nor is it a substitute for surveying knowledge, experience or judgment. Chapter 3 surveying equipment, measurements and errors. Surveying and levelling instruments, theoretically. A pointed weight on the end of a string called a plumb bob is used to carry the location of the point on the ground up to the elevated chain by simply suspending the plumb bob from the chain such that the point of the plumb bob hangs directly above the point on the ground. Alidade alidade table cosmolabe dioptra dumpy level engineers chain graphometer groma surveying. Setting out a chain line as part of a chain and offset survey to carry out, for example, detail mapping. If the area to be surveyed is more than km2, the anglesmeasured on the surface of the earth can not be in a planesurface, but are in a curved. Points c, d and e are selected on the random line, and perpendiculars are projected from them. In this survey only measurements are taken in the field, and the rest work, such as plotting calculation etc. The effects of heat waves can be minimized by surveying in cooler, cloudy periods, taking shorter measurements, or avoiding.
This involves both horizontal and vertical measurements. The chain is composed of 100 or 150 pieces of galvanized mild steel wire, 4mm in diameter called links. To achieve this aim the following objectives were carried out. Sixtysix feet is proportional to our english mile and acre.
Study of various instruments used in chain surveying and their uses instruments. Chain used for chain surveying each link at the end is bent into a loop and is connected to adjoiningly by means of three oval rings which offers flexibility to the chain. Measuring offsets to an object from a chain line for detail mapping. Invented by the english mathematician edmund gunter in the early 17th century, gunters chain is exactly 22 yards about 20 m long and divided into 100 links. Chains are the measuring instrument used in surveying formed by the 100 links. It enabled plots of land to be accurately surveyed and plotted, for legal and commercial purposes. Tallies are fixed at every fivemeter length and brass rings are provided at every meter length except where tallies are attached. Their types and uses are discussed in this article. It was designed and introduced in 1620 by english clergyman and mathematician edmund gunter 15811626. If carefully done, it gives quite accurate results. Surveying equipment and surveying supplies not only help with. At the ends chain is provided with brass handle with swivel joint so that it can be easy to roll or unroll the chain without twisting and knots. It measures a series of straight lines on the ground with a chain or tape measure and all fixed points relative to the line of traverse either by right angles offsets or tie lines. The length of chain is the distance between the outside of handles.
A point p is selected on the chain line and a random line pt is taken in a suitable direction. All books are in clear copy here, and all files are secure so dont worry about it. Surveying technicians work outside extensively and can be exposed to all types of weather. The necessary requirements for field work are chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and. Surveying errors and adjustment islamic university of gaza. Before any engineering work can be started we must prepare a plan or map of the area showing topographical details. Factors which influence the use of chains measured distances are limited to the length of the chain, usually 50 or 100 meters. What are the instruments required for a chain survey. University of asia pacific uap, whose manual guided the authors in preparing this manual.
It is the art of measuring horizontal and vertical distances between objects, of measuring angles between lines, of determining the direction of lines, and of establishing points by predetermined angular and linear measurements. The ends of the chain are provided with handles for dragging the chain on the ground, each wire with a. A brief history of surveying tools in north america by jon dotson. The metallic end of the tape is also taken into account while measuring the length. Geodetic surveyingplane surveying does not take into account the curvature ofthe earths surface, and the surface of the earth is treated as aplane surface. View and download powerpoint presentations on chain surveying instruments ppt. Chain or tape, arrows, pegs, ranging rods, offset rods, laths or whites, plumb bob, cross staff and mallet. The chain consists of many small parts used for handling or reading the measurements. To measure the study area using chain surveying, tape surveying, plane table surveying, theodolite surveying methods. Compass surveying principles use of prismatic compass, measurement of. Instruments should only be checked under favorable conditions. Pdf ce6304 surveying i books, lecture notes, 2marks with. Find powerpoint presentations and slides using the power of, find free presentations research about chain surveying instruments ppt. Surveying equipment top brands at lowest prices tiger.
In chain surveying only linear measurements are made i. Surveying is an art of determining the relative positions of various points on, above or below the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurement of distance, direction and elevation. The duties of the leader the chain man at the forward end or head are. Types of chains used in surveying, their parts, testing and. These stations command the boundaries of the survey and are designated by capital letters.
Chain survey method for performing chain surveying how to. This site is like a library, you could find million book here by using search box in the header. Other factors affecting sound decisions are dependent upon the results of your survey. In the field, make adjustments only when the instrument results are poor or require excessive manipulation. Duties of the follower and leader during chain surveying. Metric chains steel band or band chain gunters chain or surveyors chain engineers chain revenue chain metric chains are made in lengths 20m and 30m. Gunters chain also known as gunters measurement is a distance measuring device used for surveying. Basic surveying manual michigan technological university. Here you can download the free lecture notes of surveying pdf notes, materials with multiple file links to download. The range available with us is manufactured using premium grade raw material and tested severely for compliance with all existing national and international quality standards. Mapping technicians work primarily indoors on computers. Follow techniques that will help detect and eliminatealltheblunders. Chain surveying instruments used in chaining engineering basic. Scope of manual this manual, in general, covers divisionwide surveying policies and procedures and appropriate reference material.
This is most suitable adapted to small plane areas with very few details. May 26, 2010 tripod a surveyors tripod is a device used to support any one of a number of surveying instruments, such as theodolite, total stations,levels or transits. In conventional surveying, chain and tape are used for making linear measurements while compass and ordinary theodolites are used for making angular measurements. Surveying is the art of measuring distances, angles, and positions above, on or below the earths surface. There are 80 chain lengths to a mile, 40 chains to a halfmile, etc. Following are the various types of chain in common use.
Chain surveying it is the branch of surveying in which the distances are measured with a chain and tape and the operation is called chaining. Instruments used in chain survey chain, 20m or 30m long tape arrows ranging rods wooden or iron pegs plumb bob cross staff chain used for surveying 20m chain 100 links 30m chain 150 links 1 links 20cm links of chain are made by mild steel wire 4mm diameter. While 66 feet seems unusual, it was used to keep the early chains from being too long and heavy. Jun 16, 2015 chain surveying, it is a method of surveying in which no angles are measured but only linear measurement is taken in the field by using a chain or tape measure. That is why we are dedicated to offering the best in surveying equipment and surveying supplies. The relative positions of points are located by means of measuring distances, directions and angles accurately with the help of various surveying instruments. Pole surveying prism surveying corner cube retroreflector prismatic compass angle measurement ramsden surveying instruments. The duties of the follower chain man at the rear end of the chain are. Main station is a point in chain survey where the two sides of a traverse are meet. Surveyors must possess skill in instrument operation and knowledge of surveying methods to minimize the amount of error in each measurement. To conduct compass survey along the closed traverse. The ends of each link are bent into a loop and connected together by means of three oval rings. Heat waves can cause distortion in lines of sight near reflective surfaces. Indeed, geometry itself, as its name landmeasuring.
Surveying notes pdf book starts with the topics distance measurement conventions and methods, theodolite, description, uses, and adjustments. Eliminate or correct all systematic errors by frequent calibration and adjustment of the instruments minimize the random errors by using good instrumentsandfieldprocedures. In this case ad is the longest and a chain line running from a to d is laid. Most surveying and mapping technicians work for firms that provide engineering, surveying, and mapping services on. Surveying is an art of determining the relative positions of various points on, above or below the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurement of. Chain surveying, it is a method of surveying in which no angles are measured but only linear measurement is taken in the field by using a chain or tape measure. What links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link page information wikidata. Instruments used in chain survey chain used for surveying. Punmia, ashok kumar jain, arun kumar jain surveying vol.
The first volume focuses on both the theoretical concepts and their practical applications. Since triangle is the only figure that can be plotted with measurement of sides only, in chain surveying the area to be surveyed should be covered with a network of triangles. Survey field procedures manual prepared by the division of. Surveying is the process and technique of determining distances and angles between points, used on construction sites for the purposes of levelling and setting out works. The main principle of chain surveying or chain triangulation is to provide a framework consist of number of wellconditioned triangles or nearly equilateral triangles. Office work in surveying consists of converting the field measurements into a usable format. Surveyors chain, also called gunters chain, measuring device and arbitrary measurement unit still widely used for surveying in englishspeaking countries. Land surveying equipment, surveying supplies, surveyor. Your job requires you to use the highestquality surveying equipment and tools, which is why engineering supply sells the most recognized manufacturers of commercialgrade surveying instruments. In this training manual, we used in plane surveying rather. Chain surveying, principle of chain surveying, surveying stations, base line, check line. As a land surveyor, architect, or engineer, accuracy is essential as a basis for any project. A brief history of surveying tools in north america by jon dotson old world auctions the need for land surveys dates back to ancient times.
Types of measuring chains and tapes in civil surveying. The distances are written on the tape in m, cm, etc. Offsets to corner points b, c, e and f are now laid from the chain line ad either by tape or crossstaff and their foot of offsets are g, i. A brief history of surveying tools in north america. All of our products will stand up to daily commercial use, which is why you should buy your tools from us. One of the instruments used in measurement are chains. Measurements and errors iii8 revised may, 20 sun angles, or using a parasol to shade the instrument. Measuring the dimensions of objects in a detail survey, such as the width of a path.
Tripod a surveyors tripod is a device used to support any one of a number of surveying instruments, such as theodolite, total stations,levels or transits. Distance of the follower from the starting point is. Chain surveying is the type of surveying in which only linear measurements are made in the field. Modern surveying instruments and their uses in civil. Surveying instruments designing buildings wiki share your construction industry knowledge. Determining the height of an instrument, for example a theodolite or a total station, above a ground mark.
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